From patchwork Wed Aug 5 16:35:03 2020 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Carlos Neira X-Patchwork-Id: 262697 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-13.1 required=3.0 tests=BAYES_00,DKIM_SIGNED, DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,FREEMAIL_FORGED_FROMDOMAIN,FREEMAIL_FROM, HEADER_FROM_DIFFERENT_DOMAINS, INCLUDES_PATCH, MAILING_LIST_MULTI, SIGNED_OFF_BY, SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_PASS,USER_AGENT_GIT autolearn=unavailable autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from mail.kernel.org (mail.kernel.org [198.145.29.99]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id EB76FC433E1 for ; Wed, 5 Aug 2020 20:05:50 +0000 (UTC) Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [23.128.96.18]) by mail.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id A334522B42 for ; Wed, 5 Aug 2020 20:05:50 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: mail.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=gmail.com header.i=@gmail.com header.b="OZ6QVvov" Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1727120AbgHEUFt (ORCPT ); Wed, 5 Aug 2020 16:05:49 -0400 Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net ([23.128.96.19]:44666 "EHLO lindbergh.monkeyblade.net" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1726773AbgHEQfP (ORCPT ); Wed, 5 Aug 2020 12:35:15 -0400 Received: from mail-qt1-x844.google.com (mail-qt1-x844.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::844]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2853DC008699; Wed, 5 Aug 2020 09:35:15 -0700 (PDT) Received: by mail-qt1-x844.google.com with SMTP id h21so27734563qtp.11; Wed, 05 Aug 2020 09:35:15 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20161025; h=from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:mime-version :content-transfer-encoding; bh=KYochtEjpm101ssvrc1qnkomKdB0mr7v39P4tgD9/lg=; b=OZ6QVvovj5cA4pMJdKRIj+l8e0SSlM8dUI3EBYPnH6RuJeLN5rNDUMPTr/ao5Q0y4w JH+/+lngK/e4aVwEYBel3YhibHaVq9Fcb+1mviQo+H/8b3+MoDArAQ6Z4LGlM6IfN8wK rbxZCjoZk8zBlDpmGTmbMIILEQktiHxE6hH0p9rVzUYkeRC/O1ZwGS6/hz0W9GIKg2/r abw3iiS5ogbar4OBIg+BmDuuvwMmmJ0VJS1tGnPBatGsp3fs/Rt3deYBR5k9E/9MBErb yc8t4aFvxWHBZIt7Dwr16qPuxW/6umjAiRCimoxudGZ7QkNwsDgUyAT7kOi2UecGumGW Y55A== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20161025; h=x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:mime-version :content-transfer-encoding; bh=KYochtEjpm101ssvrc1qnkomKdB0mr7v39P4tgD9/lg=; b=ENY02C+0C1p77BwakhR3hcMSAuprovOumSxpDuLhWBxrOlIZpOg8AWo8NHvYxEg/QZ mk9po3nZZMg3C4ASX3VkAB1/9t5qwFogEWhI8TDLlEk/tO2TmNFpFd8Cm+Z0gkP8Mh7M ve+n5wkoTHqSYVf4yE5FDUNGJ8en7TidM2pOn0heHdnU9SODeHabKpWxLJDo9ZfKcCTK oc5v4shZw8cov2Ny7dEfbqWExo3qLcCAvE/W2SjLto3fTce0dVByWcY2Fv/Q3FT0g/H0 1+jz0Lw63eDAI1GU6Y+d/Z2R7BMd8vlRA+NFF3fOc9qi725U6MXecrhsc2MCBdrUlB9g 44Og== X-Gm-Message-State: AOAM5307g8D0Bo80n7YExSrWFrBjXnXIBQqgvShp5f+W+Wvcl+zUdCRg 7pn12j7tsJ/sxNVO7JhFNrwJ/jZFH/QeAw== X-Google-Smtp-Source: ABdhPJwxQlEZSJotNwscji8aJo0a6h0jXgpsCDn6oitIw+uvSDyfifcu5WT6LSG1AfuCFLmr5jWPEA== X-Received: by 2002:ac8:ec7:: with SMTP id w7mr4308864qti.118.1596645313530; Wed, 05 Aug 2020 09:35:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost.localdomain (pc-199-79-45-190.cm.vtr.net. [190.45.79.199]) by smtp.googlemail.com with ESMTPSA id f7sm1748417qkj.32.2020.08.05.09.35.11 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Wed, 05 Aug 2020 09:35:12 -0700 (PDT) From: Carlos Neira To: netdev@vger.kernel.org Cc: yhs@fb.com, ebiederm@xmission.com, brouer@redhat.com, bpf@vger.kernel.org, cneirabustos@gmail.com Subject: [PATCH v4 bpf-next] bpf/selftests: fold test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns into test_progs. Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2020 12:35:03 -0400 Message-Id: <20200805163503.40381-1-cneirabustos@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.20.1 MIME-Version: 1.0 Sender: netdev-owner@vger.kernel.org Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org Currently tests for bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid() are outside test_progs. This change folds a test case into test_progs. Changes from V3: - STAT(2) check changed from CHECK_FAIL to CHECK. - Changed uses of _open_ to _open_and_load. - Fixed error codes were not being returned on exit. - Removed unnecessary dependency on Makefile Signed-off-by: Carlos Neira --- tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore | 2 +- tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile | 4 +- .../bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pid_tgid.c | 85 ---------- .../bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pidtgid.c | 54 ++++++ .../bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pid_tgid.c | 37 ---- .../bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pidtgid.c | 25 +++ .../bpf/test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns.c | 159 ------------------ .../bpf/test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns.c | 91 ++++++++++ 8 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 284 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pid_tgid.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pidtgid.c delete mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pid_tgid.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pidtgid.c delete mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns.c diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore index 1bb204cee853..022055f23592 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore @@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ test_tcpnotify_user test_libbpf test_tcp_check_syncookie_user test_sysctl -test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns xdping +test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns test_cpp *.skel.h /no_alu32 diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile index e7a8cf83ba48..92fb616cdd27 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ TEST_GEN_PROGS = test_verifier test_tag test_maps test_lru_map test_lpm_map test test_sock test_btf test_sockmap get_cgroup_id_user test_socket_cookie \ test_cgroup_storage \ test_netcnt test_tcpnotify_user test_sock_fields test_sysctl \ - test_progs-no_alu32 \ - test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns + test_progs-no_alu32\ + test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns # Also test bpf-gcc, if present ifneq ($(BPF_GCC),) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pid_tgid.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pid_tgid.c deleted file mode 100644 index e74dc501b27f..000000000000 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pid_tgid.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -/* Copyright (c) 2020 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include - -struct bss { - __u64 dev; - __u64 ino; - __u64 pid_tgid; - __u64 user_pid_tgid; -}; - -void test_ns_current_pid_tgid(void) -{ - const char *probe_name = "raw_tracepoint/sys_enter"; - const char *file = "test_ns_current_pid_tgid.o"; - int err, key = 0, duration = 0; - struct bpf_link *link = NULL; - struct bpf_program *prog; - struct bpf_map *bss_map; - struct bpf_object *obj; - struct bss bss; - struct stat st; - __u64 id; - - obj = bpf_object__open_file(file, NULL); - if (CHECK(IS_ERR(obj), "obj_open", "err %ld\n", PTR_ERR(obj))) - return; - - err = bpf_object__load(obj); - if (CHECK(err, "obj_load", "err %d errno %d\n", err, errno)) - goto cleanup; - - bss_map = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(obj, "test_ns_.bss"); - if (CHECK(!bss_map, "find_bss_map", "failed\n")) - goto cleanup; - - prog = bpf_object__find_program_by_title(obj, probe_name); - if (CHECK(!prog, "find_prog", "prog '%s' not found\n", - probe_name)) - goto cleanup; - - memset(&bss, 0, sizeof(bss)); - pid_t tid = syscall(SYS_gettid); - pid_t pid = getpid(); - - id = (__u64) tid << 32 | pid; - bss.user_pid_tgid = id; - - if (CHECK_FAIL(stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &st))) { - perror("Failed to stat /proc/self/ns/pid"); - goto cleanup; - } - - bss.dev = st.st_dev; - bss.ino = st.st_ino; - - err = bpf_map_update_elem(bpf_map__fd(bss_map), &key, &bss, 0); - if (CHECK(err, "setting_bss", "failed to set bss : %d\n", err)) - goto cleanup; - - link = bpf_program__attach_raw_tracepoint(prog, "sys_enter"); - if (CHECK(IS_ERR(link), "attach_raw_tp", "err %ld\n", - PTR_ERR(link))) { - link = NULL; - goto cleanup; - } - - /* trigger some syscalls */ - usleep(1); - - err = bpf_map_lookup_elem(bpf_map__fd(bss_map), &key, &bss); - if (CHECK(err, "set_bss", "failed to get bss : %d\n", err)) - goto cleanup; - - if (CHECK(id != bss.pid_tgid, "Compare user pid/tgid vs. bpf pid/tgid", - "User pid/tgid %llu BPF pid/tgid %llu\n", id, bss.pid_tgid)) - goto cleanup; -cleanup: - bpf_link__destroy(link); - bpf_object__close(obj); -} diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pidtgid.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pidtgid.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..156781fecf9d --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/ns_current_pidtgid.c @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* Copyright (c) 2020 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ + +#define _GNU_SOURCE +#include +#include "test_ns_current_pidtgid.skel.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +void test_ns_current_pidtgid(void) +{ + struct test_ns_current_pidtgid__bss *bss; + struct test_ns_current_pidtgid *skel; + int err, duration = 0; + struct stat st; + __u64 id; + + skel = test_ns_current_pidtgid__open_and_load(); + CHECK(!skel, "skel_open_load", "failed to load skeleton\n"); + goto cleanup; + + pid_t tid = syscall(SYS_gettid); + pid_t pid = getpid(); + + id = (__u64) tid << 32 | pid; + + err = stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &st); + if (CHECK(err, "stat", "failed /proc/self/ns/pid: %d", err)) + goto cleanup; + + bss = skel->bss; + bss->dev = st.st_dev; + bss->ino = st.st_ino; + bss->user_pid_tgid = 0; + + err = test_ns_current_pidtgid__attach(skel); + if (CHECK(err, "skel_attach", "skeleton attach failed: %d\n", err)) + goto cleanup; + + /* trigger tracepoint */ + usleep(1); + + CHECK(bss->user_pid_tgid != id, "pid/tgid", "got %llu != exp %llu\n", + bss->user_pid_tgid, id); +cleanup: + test_ns_current_pidtgid__destroy(skel); + +} diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pid_tgid.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pid_tgid.c deleted file mode 100644 index 1dca70a6de2f..000000000000 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pid_tgid.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -/* Copyright (c) 2019 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ - -#include -#include -#include - -static volatile struct { - __u64 dev; - __u64 ino; - __u64 pid_tgid; - __u64 user_pid_tgid; -} res; - -SEC("raw_tracepoint/sys_enter") -int trace(void *ctx) -{ - __u64 ns_pid_tgid, expected_pid; - struct bpf_pidns_info nsdata; - __u32 key = 0; - - if (bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid(res.dev, res.ino, &nsdata, - sizeof(struct bpf_pidns_info))) - return 0; - - ns_pid_tgid = (__u64)nsdata.tgid << 32 | nsdata.pid; - expected_pid = res.user_pid_tgid; - - if (expected_pid != ns_pid_tgid) - return 0; - - res.pid_tgid = ns_pid_tgid; - - return 0; -} - -char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL"; diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pidtgid.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pidtgid.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..9818a56510d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_ns_current_pidtgid.c @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* Copyright (c) 2019 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ + +#include +#include +#include + +__u64 user_pid_tgid = 0; +__u64 dev = 0; +__u64 ino = 0; + +SEC("raw_tracepoint/sys_enter") +int handler(const void *ctx) +{ + struct bpf_pidns_info nsdata; + + if (bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid(dev, ino, &nsdata, + sizeof(struct bpf_pidns_info))) + return 0; + user_pid_tgid = (__u64)nsdata.tgid << 32 | nsdata.pid; + + return 0; +} + +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL"; diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns.c deleted file mode 100644 index ed253f252cd0..000000000000 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_current_pid_tgid_new_ns.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,159 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -/* Copyright (c) 2020 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ -#define _GNU_SOURCE -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include "test_progs.h" - -#define CHECK_NEWNS(condition, tag, format...) ({ \ - int __ret = !!(condition); \ - if (__ret) { \ - printf("%s:FAIL:%s ", __func__, tag); \ - printf(format); \ - } else { \ - printf("%s:PASS:%s\n", __func__, tag); \ - } \ - __ret; \ -}) - -struct bss { - __u64 dev; - __u64 ino; - __u64 pid_tgid; - __u64 user_pid_tgid; -}; - -int main(int argc, char **argv) -{ - pid_t pid; - int exit_code = 1; - struct stat st; - - printf("Testing bpf_get_ns_current_pid_tgid helper in new ns\n"); - - if (stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &st)) { - perror("stat failed on /proc/self/ns/pid ns\n"); - printf("%s:FAILED\n", argv[0]); - return exit_code; - } - - if (CHECK_NEWNS(unshare(CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS), - "unshare CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS", "error errno=%d\n", errno)) - return exit_code; - - pid = fork(); - if (pid == -1) { - perror("Fork() failed\n"); - printf("%s:FAILED\n", argv[0]); - return exit_code; - } - - if (pid > 0) { - int status; - - usleep(5); - waitpid(pid, &status, 0); - return 0; - } else { - - pid = fork(); - if (pid == -1) { - perror("Fork() failed\n"); - printf("%s:FAILED\n", argv[0]); - return exit_code; - } - - if (pid > 0) { - int status; - waitpid(pid, &status, 0); - return 0; - } else { - if (CHECK_NEWNS(mount("none", "/proc", NULL, MS_PRIVATE|MS_REC, NULL), - "Unmounting proc", "Cannot umount proc! errno=%d\n", errno)) - return exit_code; - - if (CHECK_NEWNS(mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, NULL), - "Mounting proc", "Cannot mount proc! errno=%d\n", errno)) - return exit_code; - - const char *probe_name = "raw_tracepoint/sys_enter"; - const char *file = "test_ns_current_pid_tgid.o"; - struct bpf_link *link = NULL; - struct bpf_program *prog; - struct bpf_map *bss_map; - struct bpf_object *obj; - int exit_code = 1; - int err, key = 0; - struct bss bss; - struct stat st; - __u64 id; - - obj = bpf_object__open_file(file, NULL); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(IS_ERR(obj), "obj_open", "err %ld\n", PTR_ERR(obj))) - return exit_code; - - err = bpf_object__load(obj); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(err, "obj_load", "err %d errno %d\n", err, errno)) - goto cleanup; - - bss_map = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(obj, "test_ns_.bss"); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(!bss_map, "find_bss_map", "failed\n")) - goto cleanup; - - prog = bpf_object__find_program_by_title(obj, probe_name); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(!prog, "find_prog", "prog '%s' not found\n", - probe_name)) - goto cleanup; - - memset(&bss, 0, sizeof(bss)); - pid_t tid = syscall(SYS_gettid); - pid_t pid = getpid(); - - id = (__u64) tid << 32 | pid; - bss.user_pid_tgid = id; - - if (CHECK_NEWNS(stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &st), - "stat new ns", "Failed to stat /proc/self/ns/pid errno=%d\n", errno)) - goto cleanup; - - bss.dev = st.st_dev; - bss.ino = st.st_ino; - - err = bpf_map_update_elem(bpf_map__fd(bss_map), &key, &bss, 0); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(err, "setting_bss", "failed to set bss : %d\n", err)) - goto cleanup; - - link = bpf_program__attach_raw_tracepoint(prog, "sys_enter"); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(IS_ERR(link), "attach_raw_tp", "err %ld\n", - PTR_ERR(link))) { - link = NULL; - goto cleanup; - } - - /* trigger some syscalls */ - usleep(1); - - err = bpf_map_lookup_elem(bpf_map__fd(bss_map), &key, &bss); - if (CHECK_NEWNS(err, "set_bss", "failed to get bss : %d\n", err)) - goto cleanup; - - if (CHECK_NEWNS(id != bss.pid_tgid, "Compare user pid/tgid vs. bpf pid/tgid", - "User pid/tgid %llu BPF pid/tgid %llu\n", id, bss.pid_tgid)) - goto cleanup; - - exit_code = 0; - printf("%s:PASS\n", argv[0]); -cleanup: - if (!link) { - bpf_link__destroy(link); - link = NULL; - } - bpf_object__close(obj); - } - } -} diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..4ca94e1f13f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns.c @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* Copyright (c) 2020 Carlos Neira cneirabustos@gmail.com */ + +#define _GNU_SOURCE +#include +#include "test_ns_current_pidtgid.skel.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define STACK_SIZE (1024 * 1024) +static char child_stack[STACK_SIZE]; + +static int newns_pidtgid(void *arg) +{ + struct test_ns_current_pidtgid__bss *bss; + struct test_ns_current_pidtgid *skel; + int pidns_fd = 0, err = 0; + pid_t pid, tid; + struct stat st; + __u64 id; + + skel = test_ns_current_pidtgid__open_and_load(); + if (!skel) { + perror("Failed to load skeleton"); + goto cleanup; + } + + tid = syscall(SYS_gettid); + pid = getpid(); + id = (__u64) tid << 32 | pid; + + if (stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &st)) { + printf("Failed to stat /proc/self/ns/pid: %s\n", + strerror(errno)); + goto cleanup; + } + + bss = skel->bss; + bss->dev = st.st_dev; + bss->ino = st.st_ino; + bss->user_pid_tgid = 0; + + err = test_ns_current_pidtgid__attach(skel); + if (err) { + printf("Failed to attach: %s err: %d\n", strerror(errno), err); + goto cleanup; + } + /* trigger tracepoint */ + usleep(1); + + if (bss->user_pid_tgid != id) { + printf("test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns:FAIL\n"); + err = EXIT_FAILURE; + } else { + printf("test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns:PASS\n"); + err = EXIT_SUCCESS; + } + +cleanup: + setns(pidns_fd, CLONE_NEWPID); + test_ns_current_pidtgid__destroy(skel); + + return err; +} + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + pid_t cpid; + int wstatus; + + cpid = clone(newns_pidtgid, + child_stack + STACK_SIZE, + CLONE_NEWPID | SIGCHLD, NULL); + if (cpid == -1) { + printf("test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns:Failed on CLONE: %s\n", + strerror(errno)); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + if (waitpid(cpid, &wstatus, 0) == -1) { + printf("test_ns_current_pidtgid_newns:Failed on waitpid: %s\n", + strerror(errno)); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + return WEXITSTATUS(wstatus); +}