diff --git a/target/mips/cpu.h b/target/mips/cpu.h
index ca00f41daf..c218ccc4a8 100644
--- a/target/mips/cpu.h
+++ b/target/mips/cpu.h
@@ -1147,10 +1147,6 @@ extern uint32_t cpu_rddsp(uint32_t mask_num, CPUMIPSState *env);
  * MMU modes definitions. We carefully match the indices with our
  * hflags layout.
  */
-#define MMU_MODE0_SUFFIX _kernel
-#define MMU_MODE1_SUFFIX _super
-#define MMU_MODE2_SUFFIX _user
-#define MMU_MODE3_SUFFIX _error
 #define MMU_USER_IDX 2
 
 static inline int hflags_mmu_index(uint32_t hflags)
diff --git a/target/mips/op_helper.c b/target/mips/op_helper.c
index 18fcee4a78..79d44da6fa 100644
--- a/target/mips/op_helper.c
+++ b/target/mips/op_helper.c
@@ -52,69 +52,6 @@ static void raise_exception(CPUMIPSState *env, uint32_t exception)
     do_raise_exception(env, exception, 0);
 }
 
-#if defined(CONFIG_USER_ONLY)
-#define HELPER_LD(name, insn, type)                                     \
-static inline type do_##name(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr,      \
-                             int mem_idx, uintptr_t retaddr)            \
-{                                                                       \
-    return (type) cpu_##insn##_data_ra(env, addr, retaddr);             \
-}
-#else
-#define HELPER_LD(name, insn, type)                                     \
-static inline type do_##name(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr,      \
-                             int mem_idx, uintptr_t retaddr)            \
-{                                                                       \
-    switch (mem_idx) {                                                  \
-    case 0: return (type) cpu_##insn##_kernel_ra(env, addr, retaddr);   \
-    case 1: return (type) cpu_##insn##_super_ra(env, addr, retaddr);    \
-    default:                                                            \
-    case 2: return (type) cpu_##insn##_user_ra(env, addr, retaddr);     \
-    case 3: return (type) cpu_##insn##_error_ra(env, addr, retaddr);    \
-    }                                                                   \
-}
-#endif
-HELPER_LD(lw, ldl, int32_t)
-#if defined(TARGET_MIPS64)
-HELPER_LD(ld, ldq, int64_t)
-#endif
-#undef HELPER_LD
-
-#if defined(CONFIG_USER_ONLY)
-#define HELPER_ST(name, insn, type)                                     \
-static inline void do_##name(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr,      \
-                             type val, int mem_idx, uintptr_t retaddr)  \
-{                                                                       \
-    cpu_##insn##_data_ra(env, addr, val, retaddr);                      \
-}
-#else
-#define HELPER_ST(name, insn, type)                                     \
-static inline void do_##name(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr,      \
-                             type val, int mem_idx, uintptr_t retaddr)  \
-{                                                                       \
-    switch (mem_idx) {                                                  \
-    case 0:                                                             \
-        cpu_##insn##_kernel_ra(env, addr, val, retaddr);                \
-        break;                                                          \
-    case 1:                                                             \
-        cpu_##insn##_super_ra(env, addr, val, retaddr);                 \
-        break;                                                          \
-    default:                                                            \
-    case 2:                                                             \
-        cpu_##insn##_user_ra(env, addr, val, retaddr);                  \
-        break;                                                          \
-    case 3:                                                             \
-        cpu_##insn##_error_ra(env, addr, val, retaddr);                 \
-        break;                                                          \
-    }                                                                   \
-}
-#endif
-HELPER_ST(sb, stb, uint8_t)
-HELPER_ST(sw, stl, uint32_t)
-#if defined(TARGET_MIPS64)
-HELPER_ST(sd, stq, uint64_t)
-#endif
-#undef HELPER_ST
-
 /* 64 bits arithmetic for 32 bits hosts */
 static inline uint64_t get_HILO(CPUMIPSState *env)
 {
@@ -379,12 +316,12 @@ target_ulong helper_##name(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg, int mem_idx)  \
     }                                                                         \
     env->CP0_LLAddr = do_translate_address(env, arg, 0, GETPC());             \
     env->lladdr = arg;                                                        \
-    env->llval = do_##insn(env, arg, mem_idx, GETPC());                       \
+    env->llval = cpu_##insn##_mmuidx_ra(env, arg, mem_idx, GETPC());          \
     return env->llval;                                                        \
 }
-HELPER_LD_ATOMIC(ll, lw, 0x3)
+HELPER_LD_ATOMIC(ll, ldl, 0x3)
 #ifdef TARGET_MIPS64
-HELPER_LD_ATOMIC(lld, ld, 0x7)
+HELPER_LD_ATOMIC(lld, ldq, 0x7)
 #endif
 #undef HELPER_LD_ATOMIC
 #endif
@@ -400,42 +337,42 @@ HELPER_LD_ATOMIC(lld, ld, 0x7)
 void helper_swl(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg1, target_ulong arg2,
                 int mem_idx)
 {
-    do_sb(env, arg2, (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24), mem_idx, GETPC());
+    cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, arg2, (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24), mem_idx, GETPC());
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) <= 2) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) <= 1) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) == 0) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 3), (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 3), (uint8_t)arg1,
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
 void helper_swr(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg1, target_ulong arg2,
                 int mem_idx)
 {
-    do_sb(env, arg2, (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx, GETPC());
+    cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, arg2, (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx, GETPC());
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) >= 1) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) >= 2) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK(arg2) == 3) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
@@ -453,82 +390,82 @@ void helper_swr(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg1, target_ulong arg2,
 void helper_sdl(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg1, target_ulong arg2,
                 int mem_idx)
 {
-    do_sb(env, arg2, (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 56), mem_idx, GETPC());
+    cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, arg2, (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 56), mem_idx, GETPC());
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 6) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 48), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 48),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 5) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 40), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 40),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 4) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 32), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 32),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 3) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 4), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 4), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 2) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 5), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 5), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 1) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 6), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 6), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) <= 0) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 7), (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, 7), (uint8_t)arg1,
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
 void helper_sdr(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong arg1, target_ulong arg2,
                 int mem_idx)
 {
-    do_sb(env, arg2, (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx, GETPC());
+    cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, arg2, (uint8_t)arg1, mem_idx, GETPC());
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 1) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -1), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 8),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 2) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -2), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 16),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 3) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -3), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 24),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 4) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -4), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 32), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -4), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 32),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 5) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -5), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 40), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -5), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 40),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) >= 6) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -6), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 48), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -6), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 48),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 
     if (GET_LMASK64(arg2) == 7) {
-        do_sb(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -7), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 56), mem_idx,
-              GETPC());
+        cpu_stb_mmuidx_ra(env, GET_OFFSET(arg2, -7), (uint8_t)(arg1 >> 56),
+                          mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 #endif /* TARGET_MIPS64 */
@@ -546,14 +483,14 @@ void helper_lwm(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr, target_ulong reglist,
 
         for (i = 0; i < base_reglist; i++) {
             env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]] =
-                (target_long)do_lw(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
+                (target_long)cpu_ldl_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
             addr += 4;
         }
     }
 
     if (do_r31) {
-        env->active_tc.gpr[31] = (target_long)do_lw(env, addr, mem_idx,
-                                                    GETPC());
+        env->active_tc.gpr[31] =
+            (target_long)cpu_ldl_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
@@ -567,14 +504,14 @@ void helper_swm(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr, target_ulong reglist,
         target_ulong i;
 
         for (i = 0; i < base_reglist; i++) {
-            do_sw(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]], mem_idx,
-                  GETPC());
+            cpu_stw_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]],
+                              mem_idx, GETPC());
             addr += 4;
         }
     }
 
     if (do_r31) {
-        do_sw(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[31], mem_idx, GETPC());
+        cpu_stw_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[31], mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
@@ -589,14 +526,15 @@ void helper_ldm(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr, target_ulong reglist,
         target_ulong i;
 
         for (i = 0; i < base_reglist; i++) {
-            env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]] = do_ld(env, addr, mem_idx,
-                                                         GETPC());
+            env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]] =
+                cpu_ldq_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
             addr += 8;
         }
     }
 
     if (do_r31) {
-        env->active_tc.gpr[31] = do_ld(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
+        env->active_tc.gpr[31] =
+            cpu_ldq_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,14 +548,14 @@ void helper_sdm(CPUMIPSState *env, target_ulong addr, target_ulong reglist,
         target_ulong i;
 
         for (i = 0; i < base_reglist; i++) {
-            do_sd(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]], mem_idx,
-                  GETPC());
+            cpu_stq_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[multiple_regs[i]],
+                              mem_idx, GETPC());
             addr += 8;
         }
     }
 
     if (do_r31) {
-        do_sd(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[31], mem_idx, GETPC());
+        cpu_stq_mmuidx_ra(env, addr, env->active_tc.gpr[31], mem_idx, GETPC());
     }
 }
 #endif
